Compared with the carbazole core, the indolo indole core has many advantages. Carbazole is frequently used as a high-performance material for photovoltaic cells, organic field effect transistors, and light emitting diodes, ,, ]. We recently reported an indolo indole core-based polymer solar cell with extended π-conjugation in the carbazole structure. Considering the versatility of small molecules and the few reports of solution-processed SMOPVs, higher performance can likely be achieved through molecule structure design and device optimization, ,, , ]. However, SMOPVs are of particular interest for several reasons, including (1) simple synthesis, high crystallinity, and easy purification (2) well-defined and uniform molecular structures, with less batch-to-batch variation (3) typically high open-circuit voltage (Voc) and (4) structural versatility by facile control of energy levels through detailed chemical structural designs, ,, ]. To date, the performance of small molecule-based organic photovoltaics (SMOPVs) has been lower than that of PSCs. However, solution-processed small molecule-based single-junction OPVs having a PCE exceeding 10% PCE are rare, ,, ,, ,, ,, ]. Polymer solar cells (PSCs) with the most promising bulk-heterojunction (BHJ) architecture have achieved high power conversion efficiencies. Recently, organic photovoltaics (OPVs) have attracted great attention, because of their potential flexibility, light weight, and low material and manufacturing costs, ,, ,, ,, ].
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